BLDR Stock Study (1-19-23)

I recently did a stock study on Builders FirstSource (BLDR) with a closing price of $71.69.

Value Line writes:

     > Builders FirstSource, Inc. manufactures and sells a wide variety of
     > building materials, including lumber, floor & roofing products, windows
     > & doors, insulation, siding, and cement. Its customers are
     > homebuilders, remodelers, and commercial contractors.

This large-sized company has grown sales at 34.2% per year for the last 10 years. EPS has grown 56.8% per year since 2016 [excluding 2012-2015, which ranged from -$0.44/share to +$0.57/share]. Lines are mostly up and parallel except for ’17 EPS, which dipped to $0.34/share. PTPM has trended gradually higher with a 5-year average of 4.9%, which trails peer (stated as JCI, TT, and CARR) and industry averages.

ROE has averaged 26.8% over the last five years, which is similar to peer and industry averages. Debt-to-Capital averages a higher-than-desired 64.9% over the last five years. This is falling, though, and recently (’21) crossed below peer and industry averages. Interest Coverage is a comfortable 19.

I assume long-term annualized sales growth of 4% based on the following:

• CNN Business projects 13.6% YOY growth and a 14.2% per year contraction for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 14 analysts).
• YF projects 13.6% YOY growth and 41.2% YOY contraction for ’22 and ’23, respectively (13 analysts).
• Zacks projects 13.3% YOY growth and 28.7% YOY contraction for ’22 and ’23, respectively (7).
• Value Line projects 6.9% annualized growth from ’21-’26.
• Morningstar offers a 2-year ACE of 14.3% annualized contraction.

I assume long-term annualized EPS growth of 3% based on the following:

• CNN Business reports ACE of 69.5% YOY growth and a 24.7% per year contraction for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 14 analysts).
• MarketWatch projects annualized contraction of 18.8% and 7.1% for ’21-’23 and ’21-’24, respectively (14 analysts).
• Nasdaq.com projects 62.4% YOY contraction and 32.8% per year contraction for ’23 and ’22-’24, respectively (7, 8, and 5 analysts for ’22, ’23 and ’24).
• YF projects 72.7% growth for ’22, 67% contraction for ’23, and 18.8% annualized growth for the next five years (13).
• Zacks projects 72.9% YOY growth for ’22 and 62.4% YOY contraction for ’23 (7).
• Value Line projects 7.8% annualized growth from ’21-’26 while also projecting 17.5% annualized growth from ’20-’26.*

Across the homebuilding and building materials industries, everyone seems to expect a slowdown for ’23. BLDR earnings aren’t expected to come anywhere close to recovering through ’24. Anything can happen, but after a soft ’23 and ’24, for the 5-year growth rate to be 7.8% or in the high teens (per the two LT estimates available) would require ’25 and ’26 to be explosive. I can’t just assume that being 3-4 years into the future.

I’m using a forecast High P/E of 8. High P/E has ranged from NMF to 64.9 (’17) over the last 10 years. Excluding the latter as an upside outlier, the last four years have averaged 13.3—the lowest of which was 10.2 in ’21.

I’m using a forecast Low P/E of 3. Low P/E has ranged from NMF to 31.1 (’17) over the last 10 years. The last four years have averaged 4.8 with a low of 3.4 in ’20. The current P/E is 4.4.

I’m sticking with default and using a Low Stock Price Forecast of $49. This is near the 52-week low price and 31.6% below the previous close.

All this results in an U/D ratio of 3.5, which makes BLDR a Buy. Total Annualized Return (TAR) is 16.1%.

PAR, which uses projected average (rather than high) P/E, is 7.8%. This is not bad for a large company, but I would like to see better unless I can feel confident in the company’s chances to exceed projected growth rates.

To assess that, I check for a margin of safety (MOS) by comparing with Member Sentiment (MS). Based on 73 studies over the past 90 days, MS indicates averages for projected sales growth, projected EPS growth, High P/E, and Low P/E are 10.6%, 8.4%, 12.6, and 8, respectively. I’m more than 50% lower on three inputs and about 33% lower on High P/E.

In addition to using conservative inputs given scant long-term analyst estimates and current uncertainty, MS implies a healthy MOS in this study. That increases likelihood of realizing TAR.

MS has a lower Low Stock Price Forecast at $44.26, but it’s hard to draw any direct conclusions from this. $44.26 would lower the upper Buy threshold in my study to $71 and make the stock a Hold. This also effectively lowers forecast Low P/E on which I’m already quite low (3) along with my entire forecast P/E range.

Taking everything into consideration, I feel comfortable with a Buy up to $74/share.

* — In and of itself, this demands a wholly separate discussion.

CTSH Stock Study (1-19-23)

I recently did a stock study on Cognizant Technology Solutions (CTSH) with a closing price of $60.99.

Since 2012, this large-sized company has grown sales and EPS at annualized rates of 10.2% and 7.5%, respectively. Lines are mostly up, straight, and parallel with some rockiness in EPS (down in ’16, ’17, ’19, and ’20). PTPM has trended lower over that timeframe with a 5-year average of 15.7%. This leads peer (stated as LDOS and CDW) and industry averages.

ROE has also trended lower with a last-5-year average of 16%. This trails peer and industry averages. Debt-to-capital averages 10.6% over the last five years, which is far below peer and industry averages. Interest Coverage is a whopping 234.

M* writes:

     > Cognizant is a global IT services provider, offering consulting and
     > outsourcing services to some of the world’s largest enterprises spanning
     > the financial services, media and communications, healthcare, natural
     > resources, and consumer products industries.

I assume long-term annualized sales growth of 4% based on the following:

• CNN Business projects growth of 4.9% YOY and 4.2% per year for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 23 analysts).
• YF projects 4.6% and 3.9% YOY growth for ’22 and ’23, respectively (26).
• Zacks projects 4.5% and 3.3% YOY growth for ’22 and ’23, respectively (7).
• CFRA projects growth of 4.5% YOY and 4.8% per year for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively.
• Value Line projects 5.8% annualized growth from ’21-’26.
• M* offers a 2-year ACE of 4.7% per year.

I assume long-term annualized EPS growth of 6% based on the following:

• CNN Business reports ACE of 7.5% YOY and 6.6% per year growth for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 23 analysts).
• MarketWatch projects growth of 7.5% and 7.7% per year for ’21-’23 and ’21-’24, respectively (28).
• Nasdaq.com projects 6.1% YOY growth and 7.3% growth per year for ’23 and ’22-’24, respectively (3, 10, and 6 analysts for ’22, ’23, and ’24).
• YF projects 7.6% growth for ’22, 6.6% growth for ’23, and 5.4% annualized growth for the next five years (25).
• Zacks projects 7.8% growth for ’22, 5.6% growth for ’23, and 11% annualized growth for the next five years (7).
• Value Line projects 7.4% growth per year from ’21-’26.
• CFRA projects 7.5% YOY growth for ’22, 8.6% growth per year for ’21-’23, and 3-year EPS annualized growth of 7%.

I project a future High P/E of 20. High P/E has ranged from 22.2 (’21) to 32.2 (’20) over the last 10 years with a 5-year average of 26.2.

I project a future Low P/E of 12. Low P/E has ranged from 15.1 (’13) to 20.4 (’17) with a 5-year average of 17.2.

I project a future low price of $45. The default price of $54 is only 11% below the previous closing price; the rule of thumb is to go at least 20% below. The 52-week low ($51) is 16% less and the 2020 low ($40) is 34% less. I am choosing a number in the middle of these two (26.2% less).

All this results in an U/D ratio of 3.2, which puts CTSH in the Buy zone. CAR (using forecast High P/E) is 15.1%.

Payout Ratio has a last-5-year average of 24.5% (range 17.8% to 34.2%). I’m using 17% to be conservative.

PAR, which uses projected average P/E, is 10.4%: not terrible for a large company.

Let’s look at Member Sentiment (MS) to assess margin of safety (MOS). Based on 428 studies over the past 90 days, averages for projected sales growth, projected EPS growth, High P/E, and Low P/E are 7.4%, 9.2%, 22.7, and 16, respectively. I’m lower on all inputs. I also further lowered projected Low Price, which in effect is lowering my forecast Low P/E. I’m lower than MS average low price of $50.79. As a final check, Value Line projects an average annual P/E of 17. I’m lower at 16.

As my study appears to have a healthy MOS, I feel comfortable with a Buy up to $63/share.

HEI Stock Study (1-18-23)

I recently did a stock study on HEICO Corp. (HEI) with a closing price of $165.46.

This medium-sized company has grown sales and EPS at annualized rates of 8.8% and 15%, respectively, since 2013. Visual inspection shows lines mostly up, straight, and parallel with a slight pullback in ’20 [and ’21 for EPS]. PTPM has increased from 17.9% to 22.2% over this time while mostly trending higher. The 5-year average is 20.9%, which far outpaces peer (stated by M* as AJRD, HWM, and DRS) and industry averages.

ROE has been flat to slightly lower over the last decade going from 17.6% (2013) to 14.2% (2022). At 16.6%, the 5-year average slightly outpaces the peer average. Debt-to-capital has fallen from 38.4% (2013) to 10.5% (2022) with a 5-year average of 20.2%. This is significantly less than peer and industry averages. Interest Coverage is an impressive 77.

Value Line writes:

     > HEICO Corp. engages in the design, manufacture, and sale of aerospace,
     > defense, and electronics-related products and services. It operates in
     > two segments: The Flight Support Group (50% of 2021 sales) designs and
     > manufactures jet engine and aircraft component replacement parts. The
     > Electronic Technologies Group (50%) manufactures various electronic,
     > microwave, and electro-optical products.

I assume long-term annualized sales growth of 10% based on the following:

• CNN Business projects 18.2% YOY and 12.8% per year for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 13 analysts).
• YF projects YOY 17.9% and 7.6% for ’23 and ’24, respectively (13 analysts).
• Zacks projects YOY 15.3% and 8.4% for ’23 and ’24, respectively (4).
• CFRA projects 32.5% YOY (the annual totals actually don’t add up correctly) and 9.8% per year for ’23 and ’22-’24.
• Value Line projects 13.6% annualized from ’21-’26.
• M* offers a 2-year ACE estimate of 16.3% per year.

I assume long-term annualized EPS growth of 11% based on the following:

• CNN Business reports ACE of 18.8% YOY and 16% per year for ’23 and ’22-’24, respectively (based on 13 analysts).
• MarketWatch projects 16.2% and 14% per year for ’22-’24 and ’22-’25, respectively (14 analysts).
• Nasdaq.com projects annualized rates of 11.1% and 10% for ’22-’24 and ’22-’25, respectively (12, 4, and 3 analysts for ’22, ’24, and ’25).
• YF projects YOY 18.8% and 12.5% for ’23 and ’24, and 14.1% annualized for the next five years (13).
• Zacks projects YOY 15.7% and 9.8% for ’23 and ’24, and 12.6% annualized for the next five years (4).
• Value Line projects 15.5% per year from ’21-’26.
• CFRA projects 32.5% YOY for ’23, 22.7% per year from ’22-’24, and a 3-year annualized EPS projection of 18%.

I project a future High P/E of 49. High P/E has ranged from 32.3 (’15) to 67.4 (’21) over the last 10 years with a last-5-year average of 60.5. The trend continues higher, but I don’t expect this to continue forever. Even the lowest value in the last five years (49.5 in ’17) is outside my comfort zone, but I will use it anyway.

I project a future Low P/E of 27. Low P/E has also trended higher from 19.5 (’13) to 49.8 (’22). The 5-year average is 36.1. Excluding ’21-’22, the highest value in the last 10 years is 29.9 (’19) and the last-5-year average then becomes 27.4.

I project a future low price of $107.40. The default value of $68.80 is over 58% below the previous closing price. I am therefore using the 2021 low, which is still over 35% below current.

All this results in an U/D ratio of 0.8, which puts HEI in the Hold zone. CAR (using forecast High P/E) is 5.1% and PAR (using forecast average P/E) is -0.1%. For me, the latter almost screams sell.

This study feels more aggressive than usual for me and still pegs HEI far from the Buy zone.

I use Member Sentiment to assess margin of safety (MOS). Based on 151 studies over the past 90 days, averages for projected sales, EPS, High P/E, and Low P/E are 10%, 12%, 44.6, and 26.5, respectively. I’m a bit lower on the second and third. Member Sentiment gives the average projected low price as 74.02: close to the default price I rejected. In other words, I overrode to a more aggressive value and still landed far from the Buy zone. Overriding is effectively raising the projected Low P/E so my MOS is probably not much to speak of.

In summary, HEI stock price for the time being seems to have fulfilled its appreciation potential despite solid growth estimates. For a purchase, I’d like the stock to revisit $130 before I reevaluate the projected low price to see if I still feel comfortable with [having raised] it.

GOOG Stock Study (1-17-23)

I recently did a stock study on Alphabet, Inc. (GOOG) with a closing price of $92.80.

This mega-sized (revenue > $50B) company has grown sales and EPS at annualized rates of 19.2% and 13.2% per year for the last decade. Revenue is up and straight despite 2013 earnings not showing growth until 2018 and beyond. Excluding 2021 (upside outlier), PTPM averages 25.2% for the last five years and is steady over the last 10. This trails peer (stated as META, TCEHY, and SPOT) and industry averages.

Over the last five years, ROE averages 18.4% and is higher than peer and industry averages. Debt-to-capital, under 11% for the last decade, averages 6.6% for the last five years. This is lower than peer and industry averages. Should anyone be concerned about the debt load, interest coverage is a ridiculous 205.6.

M* writes:

     > Alphabet is a holding company. Internet media giant Google is a wholly owned
     > subsidiary. Google generates 99% of Alphabet revenue, of which more than 85%
     > is from online ads. Google’s other revenue is from sales of apps and content
     > on Google Play and YouTube, as well as cloud service fees and other licensing
     > revenue. Sales of hardware such as Chromebooks, the Pixel smartphone, and
     > smart home products, which include Nest and Google Home, also contribute to
     > other revenue. Alphabet’s moonshot investments are in its other bets segment,
     > where it bets on technology to enhance health (Verily), faster internet
     > access to homes (Google Fiber), self-driving cars (Waymo), and more.

I assume long-term annualized sales growth of 7% based on the following:

• CNN Business projects growth of 10% YOY and 9% per year for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 43 analysts).
• YF projects YOY growth of 10% and 8% for ’22 and ’23, respectively (31 analysts).
• Zacks projects YOY growth of 10.3% and 7.1% for ’22 and ’23, respectively (9).
• CFRA projects annualized growth of 8.7% and 9.5% for ’21-’23 and ’21-’24, respectively.
• Value Line projects 14% annualized growth from ’21-’26.
• M* offers a 2-year ACE estimate of 6.8% per year.

I assume long-term annualized EPS growth of 6% based on the following:

• CNN Business projects 15.9% YOY contraction and 3.9% contraction per year for ’22 and ’21-’23, respectively (based on 43 analysts).
• MarketWatch projects 2.3% contraction per year and 3.7% growth per year for ’21-’23 and ’21-’24, respectively (48 analysts).
• Nasdaq.com projects annualized growth of 11.8% and 17.6% for ’22-’24 and ’22-’25, respectively (12, 8, and 3 analysts for ’22, ’24, and ’25).
• YF projects 16% YOY contraction for ’22, 10.4% YOY growth for ’23, and 8.9% annualized growth for the next five years (35).
• Zacks projects 16.6% YOY contraction for ’22, 8.1% YOY growth for ’23, and 11.3% annualized growth for the next five years (12).
• Value Line projects 12.7% growth per year from ’21-’26.
• M* has long-term ACE at 13% annualized.
• CFRA projects 3-year annualized EPS growth of 5%.

I project a future High P/E of 27. High P/E has ranged from 29.2 (’18) to 59.9 (upside outlier in ’17) since ’14 with a last-5-year average of 28.9 (excluding the outlier). The trend is down, however.

I project a future Low P/E of 14. Low P/E has ranged from 15.1 (’21) to 42.9 (upside outlier in ’17). Excluding the outlier, the last-5-year average is 18.8. The trend is down.

The projected low price based on these inputs is $70.60, which is about 23% below the previous closing price.

All this results in an U/D ratio of 4, which puts GOOG in the Buy zone down to $98. CAR (using forecast High P/E) is 14.4% and PAR (using forecast average P/E) is 8.3%. I’d like to see PAR higher, but my interpretation also depends on the margin of safety (MOS) built into the study.

To assess MOS, I look at Member Sentiment (MS). 851 studies over the past 90 days indicate projected sales growth, projected EPS growth, and forecast High P/E averages of 11.9%, 13.1%, and 26.9, respectively. My revenue and EPS growth estimates are significantly lower and my High P/E is about the same (27).

I have two issues with this set of MS data. First, no average forecast Low P/E is available. As I scan through the data, I see 12 unreasonable entries in this field including one “NMF.” I wonder if this non-numeric is responsible for why an average could not be calculated. Second, the average low price among these studies is 217 due to some 4-digit values. Being higher than the previous closing price, this would be invalid average. At first I thought people might have used pre-split stock prices, but GOOG stock split more than three months before (Jul 202) the 90-day window begins. Some other explanation must exist.

Regardless of the questionable data, I believe this stock study contains a healthy MOS. Both growth estimates are significantly lower than MS in addition to being lower than every long-term analyst estimate except CFRA (5% EPS growth). Furthermore, Value Line projects a long-term average P/E of 25 compared to my 20.5.

Although the PAR is suboptimal, the MOS gives me confidence in Alphabet’s chances of beating these estimates and realizing stock appreciation more consistent with the forecast High P/E.

MKSI Stock Study (1-13-23)

I recently did a stock study on MKS Instruments (MKSI) with a closing price of $99.37.

This medium-sized company has grown sales and EPS at rates of 20% and 29.5% per year since 2013. Historical sales and EPS are up and somewhat straight/parallel as EPS has had more of a rocky ride (down in 2016, 2019, and projected 2022). PTPM over the last 10 years has gone up and down between 8.9% and 23.4% with a 5-year average of 19.4%. This is better than peer (stated as TRMG, CGNX, and TDY) and industry averages. ROE over the last five years has averaged 17.3% and is also better than peer and industry averages.

MKSI had no debt until 2016. Over the last five years, debt to capital has averaged 24.8% and been below peer and industry averages. This has all changed with the recent $5.1B acquisition of Atotech. According to M*, MKSI has Current and Quick ratios of 2.8 and 1.6, respectively. While these are healthy, Interest Coverage is a lukewarm 6.5. Value Line lists the latter over 25, but I don’t believe this takes into account the acquisition involving issuance of $4B in debt and 11M shares, which will dilute future EPS.

From CFRA, MKSI is:

     > a leading supplier of components and subsystems that measure, control, power, and
     > monitor critical parameters of semiconductors and other advanced manufacturing
     > processes. The majority of MKSI’s sales are derived from products sold to
     > semiconductor capital equipment manufacturers and semiconductor device manufacturers.
     > The company’s products are used in the chipmaking process, including depositing thin
     > films of material onto silicon wafer substrates and etching and cleaning circuit patterns.”

I will assume long-term annualized sales growth of 7% based on the following:

• CNN Business projects 20.7% growth for 2023 and 13% growth per year for 2022-2024 (based on eight analysts).
• YF projects YOY 17.2% and 7% growth for ’23 and ’24, respectively (nine analysts).
• Zacks projects YOY 17.2% and 7.3% growth for ’23 and ’24, respectively (3).
• Value Line projects 15.7% growth per year from ’21-’26.
• CFRA projects 11.7% and 12.4% growth per year for ’21-’23 and ’21-’24, respectively.

I will assume long-term annualized EPS contraction of 1% based on the following:

• CNN Business reports contraction of 18.7% YOY and 35.5% per year for ’23 YOY and ’22-’24, respectively (based on eight analysts).
• MarketWatch projects annualized contraction of 34.9% and 13.9% from ’22-’24 and ’22-’25, respectively (10 analysts).
• Nasdaq.com projects contraction of 49.3% YOY and 14.8% per year for 2023 and ’22-’24, respectively (5, 5, and 4 analysts for ’22, ’23, and ’24).
• YF projects YOY contraction of 18.7% and 48.8% for ’22 and ’23, respectively, along with 10.2% contraction per year for the next five years.
• Zacks projects 19.2% and 49.3% YOY contraction for ’22 and ’23, respectively (5).
• Value Line projects annualized contraction of 3.5% from ’21-’26.
• CFRA projects annualized contraction of 32.9% and 15% for ’21-’23 and ’21-’24, respectively, with a 3-year EPS growth projection of 2% per year.

I project a future High P/E of 17. High P/E has averaged 25.2 over the last five years with 17.4 being the low end of the last-10-year range (2015).

I project a future Low P/E of 9. Low P/E has averaged 13.3 over the last five years, but 24.6 in 2019 seems to be an upside outlier. Without that, the 5-year average drops to 10.5. I was tempted to use 7.5, but that seems too extreme. 7.5 would eclipse the low end of the last-10-year range (7.9 in 2018) and result in a projected low price of $57.50. This would undercut the 2020 low and be 42% below the previous closing price.

The projected low price based on these inputs is $69, which is 30% below the previous close.

All this results in an U/D ratio of 2, which puts MKSI in the Hold zone down to $91.80. CAR (using forecast High P/E) is 10.7% and PAR (using forecast average P/E) is 5.1%. For me, the latter is too low for a medium-sized company. Payout Ratio for the last five years averaged 15%. I have estimated 10% as 2019’s 31.4% seems like an upside outlier.

I look to Member Sentiment to assess margin of safety. Averages of 239 studies over the past 90 days indicate projected sales growth, EPS growth, High P/E, Low P/E, and Payout Ratio to be 10.1%, 8%, 19.4, 10.9, and 17.5%, respectively. I’m lower across the board and much lower on EPS. Analysts project nothing even close to 8%, which leaves me rather puzzled on that one. Member Sentiment also averages ~$75 for the projected low price, which is higher than mine.

I see a lot of risk with this stock. The debt taken on for Atotech seems to have basically set this company back five years. While saying the acquisition should result in longer-term synergies, Value Line projects long-term EPS growth to be even more negative than my -1%. If the synergies don’t materialize, then MKSI will be left with quite a bill to pay.

The best-case scenario would be resumption of MKSI’s previous EPS trajectory. Because I don’t know if this will come to fruition, I believe the healthy margin of safety is warranted.

ADBE Stock Study (1-12-23)

I recently did a stock study on Adobe Inc. (ADBE) with a closing price of $342.93.

This large-sized company has grown sales and EPS at annualized rates of 17.9% and 44.5% per year since 2013. Historical sales and earnings are up, mostly straight, and parallel with the exception of a slight EPS dip in 2014 and flat EPS from 2020-2022. PTPM averages 32.5% for the last five years while being above the industry average since 2016 and roughly on par with its peer (stated as VMW, MSFT, and SQ) average since 2017. Over the same time period, ROE averages 33.4%.

Debt to capital averages 26.8% over the last five years, which is far below peer and industry averages. Interest Coverage is exemplary at 54 with a 5-year average of 34.

According to CFRA:

     > Adobe (ADBE) is the largest provider of applications used to produce visual content, best known
     > for its Creative Cloud apps, Photoshop (#1 in photo editing, raster graphics), Illustrator (#1
     > in drawing, vector graphics), InDesign (#1 in page layout), and Premiere Pro (#1 in video
     > editing). Its apps are used by graphic designers, photographers, publishers, video producers,
     > animators, and other creative professionals… ADBE’s apps are also used by students, hobbyists,
     > and part-time artists.

With regard to sales growth, CNN Business projects 9.1% for 2023 and 10.8% per year for ’22-’24 (based on 32 analysts). YF projects 9.4% YOY and 12.1% YOY for ’23 and ’24, respectively (28). Zacks projects 9% YOY and 11.1% YOY for ’23 and ’24, respectively (11). Value Line projects 15.5% per year from ’21-’26. Morningstar offers a 2-year ACE estimate of 12.1% per year. CFRA projects 11.4% for ’23 and 11.7% per year for ’22-’24.

Based on all this, I estimate long-term sales with a growth rate of 11%.

With regard to EPS growth, CNN Business reports ACE of 11.5% YOY and 13% per year for ’23 and ’22-’24, respectively (32 analysts). MarketWatch projects 13.3% and 13.4% per year from ’22-’24 and ’22-’25, respectively. Nasdaq.com projects 13.9% YOY and 12.3% per year for ’24 and ’23-’25, respectively (11, 10, and 1 analyst for ’23, ’24, and ’25). YF projects 11.7% for 2023, 14.6% for 2024, and 13.6% per year for the next five years. Zacks projects 11% for 2023, 13.7% for 2024, and 13.2% per year for the next five years (28). Value Line projects 13.7% per year from ’21-’26. M* has long-term ACE at 14.1% per year and 11% per year from its analyst. CFRA provides a 3-year projection of 13% per year.

Based on all this, I estimate long-term earnings with a growth rate of 11%.

High P/E has ranged from 47.9 (2016) to 140 (2014) over the last 10 years. The last five years have averaged 58.4. I project a long-term High P/E of 47.

Low P/E has ranged from 23.6 (2020) to 101.8 (upside outlier in 2014). The last five years have averaged 31.8. I project a long-term Low P/E of 23.

I am sticking with the default long-term projected low price of $232.30, which is 32% below the previous closing price.

All this results in an U/D ratio of 4.1, which puts ADBE in the Buy zone. CAR (using forecast High P/E) is 23.6% and PAR (using forecast average P/E) is 11.7%.

In order to assess margin of safety, I look to Member Sentiment. Averages of 662 studies over the past 90 days indicate projected sales, EPS, High P/E, and Low P/E of 13.1%, 13.1%, 42.4, and 29.4, respectively. My growth rate estimates are lower and although my projected High P/E (47) is higher, my average P/E (35) is slightly lower than Member Sentiment (35.9) and Value Line (36). Although of questionable importance due to unknown correlation with other inputs, my projected low price of $232.30 is much lower than the average projected low price of $261.45. This could bias my study toward Sell.

A margin of safety gives me added confidence that the company can outperform relatively conservative inputs.