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Do Most Options Expire Worthless? (Part 1)

In my opinion, one of the more devious option myths of all time is that most options expire worthless.

Based on my research, here is an article detailing the original findings. You can also do an internet search for the author’s report entitled “SELLERS VS BUYERS: WHO WINS? A STUDY OF CME OPTIONS EXPIRATION PATTERNS.” In this blog mini-series, I will therefore be talking about the article and the report, respectively.

I will start with the report since it was written one year earlier in 2002. From the introduction:

      > Three key patterns emerge from this study: (1) on average, three
      > out of every four options held to expiration end up worthless;

Jumping ahead to the conclusion:

      > Data presented in this study comes from a three-year report
      > conducted by the CME of all options on futures traded on the
      > exchange. While not the entire story, overall the data
      > suggests that option sellers have an advantage in the form of a
      > bias towards options expiring out of the money (worthless)
      > [italics mine].

I will now take a closer look at the article, which begins as follows:

      > While there are certainly many viable options-buying strategies
      > available to traders, options expiration data obtained from the
      > CME covering a three-year period suggests that buyers are fighting
      > against the odds. Based on data obtained from the CME, I analyzed
      > five major CME option markets… and discovered that three out of
      > every four options expired worthless….
      >
      > …Three key patterns emerge from this study: (1) on average, three
      > out of every four options held to expiration end up worthless;

Scrutinize these passages very closely. Do you see any difference between paragraphs of the the report/article? Do you see any difference between the content of the report and the article?

In the next post I will detail the mythological aspects of this content.

Catastrophic Loss (Part 4)

For years I’ve felt that catastrophic loss is the worst thing possible but in the big picture, it’s not uncommon.

By the very nature of the word, “catastrophic” sounds like an outlier. The second definition is:

> extremely unfortunate or unsuccessful [italics mine].

“Outlier” and “extreme” are synonymous.

For something so extreme, though, catastrophic loss is all around us. This need not be loss of life although that certainly would qualify. I’m thinking more akin to Serena Williams’ loss to unseeded Roberta Vinci in the 2015 U.S. Open a couple weeks ago. That ended her bid for the Calendar Slam, which would have been one of the great tennis accomplishments of all time. Another example comes from Survivor: Second Chance: we heard some players talk about losing in previous seasons and how catastrophic it was because they were so close to winning $1M. I think anytime we put our heart and soul into something and then get blindsided and/or fail to accomplish, the result is catastrophic.

In psychological terms, maybe “devastating” is the word used more often. Like the loss of a loved one, it can be associated with grief. Those who are true champions will be able to deal with it and bounce back. These make for many of the inspirational stories the evening news loves to report.

Going forward, the best course of action would be to get my checklist in place to decrease the possibility of catastrophic loss from ever occurring again. Given that I’m now in financial drawdown and emotional recovery, though, I also need to focus on a bright future, positive things, and pulling myself up by the bootstraps.

For the time being, I’ve said quite enough about catastrophic loss. Let’s go out and make some money, shall we?

Catastrophic Loss (Part 3)

In Part 2, I gave some background about what led to my latest catastrophic loss.

One thing I find tricky about the trading business is that catastrophic loss often looks foolish in retrospect. When I contemplate what happened to me in August, it seems absolutely absurd! Hindsight is always 20/20, though. More often than not, I’ve found sharing these stories with other people to be met with a lot of head nodding. We’ve all been there and many stories are commonly held.

One thing that makes my catastrophic losses difficult to stomach is the fact that I trade in a discretionary manner. With a systematic trading approach, I can see exactly where the profit and loss falls with regard to numerous other copycat trades. Discretionary trading means every trade is different and I have no context. Making things worse for this particular case is the fact that I’m quite sure the current drawdown would have been much lower with a more systematic trading approach. In this pursuit that is already boring at times, discretionary trading does help keep me engaged. However, when that means constantly battling the market and becoming emotionally drained, I can end up more vulnerable to catastrophic loss should a true market challenge present. Case in point: August 2015.

The emotional impact of catastrophic loss can be devastating. In the past, I have felt depressed and unwilling to get out of bed in the morning. I have felt like a failure and seriously considered going back to work as a pharmacist (e.g. “throwing the baby out with the bathwater”). I’ve felt gun-shy and very fearful about getting back into the market. I know one other guy who trades full-time. I heard from him a few weeks ago and asked how he managed the correction.

“I took a huge hit,” he said in his message. “I’m going back to work a real job.”

Talk about catastrophic loss and devastation! I was shocked and despite repeated calls, I haven’t heard back from him since. I’m not at all surprised he hasn’t wanted to face it and share his story. Most people don’t.

Catastrophic Loss (Part 2)

Last time I discussed more positives than negatives about my trading business. Today I want to inch closer to this concept of catastrophic loss.

When catastrophic loss happens I try to do a postmortem to better understand exactly what happened. I try to find pearls that will prevent it from happening again. I often come up with a checklist: things to watch for each and every day to make sure I am avoiding potential landmines.

Unfortunately, I believe even the best laid plans sometimes cannot avoid catastrophic loss. When histograms of trade returns are plotted, most results end up somewhere in the middle but a few will locate far to the left (i.e. Black Swan). Maybe it’s a cost of doing business? Perhaps it’s just a necessary evil of trading. As luck (randomness) often giveth, (bad) luck may also taketh away. At the end of the day, if Green > Red then it might be “winner winner chicken dinner.”

One thing I find tricky about the trading business is that catastrophic loss can happen at any time. I find my head must always be on a swivel because in retrospect, the rough times always came out of nowhere and occasionally to a staggering extent. Sometime I should tell the GC story. The whole motivation for writing on this subject now is because of what happened last month with stocks. From August 18 to August 24, the market fell 9.3%. While that is surprising, what happened to volatility is utterly earth-shattering: up 212% in five trading days!!!Ā 

Volatility Explosion (9-18-15)

That’s enough to destroy many option traders who are trying to play the odds.

Hell, that was the first time I ever used red text in this blog! If that doesn’t say it all…

Not a typo: up 212% in five trading days! I need a break.

Catastrophic Loss (Part 1)

I do not feel like I have managed this correction very well and I want to spend some time reflecting on it.

For me, “catastrophic loss” is losing much more in a single month (or less) than I usually make in a profitable month. Unfortunately in my seven-year trading career, I have experienced this 4-5 times. Every time I hope it never happens again. Every time I vow to improve.

Before I explore the dark side, I need to fill in context with some details about the upside. My trading business is profitable after seven years. I am immensely grateful to have been able to leave my corporate job and work for myself largely on my own schedule. People often say this is their dream and I am living it.

The way I trade, I make money most of the time. When things are going well, my business is boring. Sometimes this actually drives me stir-crazy! I won’t take up much space dissecting the ridiculous irony of that statement but it will suffice to say I’ve lost any rights to sympathy from others. If anything, this adds pressure to succeed and hopefully that will serve as positive motivation rather than suffocating burden.

The “stir-crazy” nature of my business is one reason I spend time here. While I maintain the blog to keep myself on-track with projects, to organize my thoughts about the financial industry, and to keep myself sharp by practicing writing skills, let’s be frank: I also do it to pass the time! Maybe I also do it to give my carpal tunnel a break from backtesting too much but that’s a separate medical discussion.

Despite the positives, it behooves any good businessperson to keep an eye out for potential threats and for me, the biggest potential threat is catastrophic loss. I will continue with this in the next post.

The Stealthy Sisters of Spin and Speculation (Part 6)

In the last few posts I have argued when it comes to investing and trading, people often miss the forest for the trees.

I strongly believe this but I also think it makes me sound rather arrogant. My philosophy is based on study of a lot of commonly taught trading techniques and a failure to see definitive edge. I know the extensive work I have done to get where I am but you do not and I could be a glorified writer of fiction.

Going forward, rather than trying to explain what “responsible trading/investing” is or should really be about, I will focus what it is about for me. It will eventually make sense why this puts me in the minority.

I offer two caveats.

First, no matter what I do, I am not going to change the world. Quite honestly, I’m not going to even try.

Second, I welcome all market participants no matter why they are here. I googled the oft-quoted saying “it takes two people to make a market” only to find out it’s not often quoted! Nonetheless, I believe it is true and in many cases, the two participants have significantly different outlooks. This may be why one party is buying and one party is selling. Whether someone is here because of spin, speculation, or just to pass the time. I will trade with them. The more the merrier too, or in financial parlance, the more there are the greater the liquidity.

For me, this comes down to business and as Mr. Wonderful says, business is all about making money.

The Stealthy Sisters of Spin and Speculation (Part 5)

I highly recommend the book Practical Speculation by Laurel Kenner and Victor Niederhoffer (2003).

Part 1 [no need to waste your time reading Part 2] talks about a variety of ways people in trading/investing circles spin things. Kenner and Niederhoffer discuss unfounded claims, bogus statistics, and an overall lack of science that exists in the financial industry. I believe this is mandatory information for anybody aiming to make a serious go at trading/investing. Understanding the dangers/limits of speculation can help keep traders safe.

Speaking of making a “serious go,” remember my “forest for the trees” analogy that suggests many people think they are doing the right thing when in fact they are merely speculating. I regard speculation as gambling and one reason so many traders [allegedly] fail. To satisfy the ego, people may wager on things and boast loudly when they win. Like the slot machines at a casino, the loud boasting is an advertisement to others that they, too, can be right at sometime in the future and win big. The boasting therefore serves to sustain the speculative enterprise.

The losers will probably exit the spotlight quietly with tail between their legs. All the better if nobody notices them slinking out the side door to save embarrassment and ego insult.

Speculation is not the way to make consistent income in the markets. Speculation is the only thing many people know, however. These folks have not learned any “responsible trading/investing” strategies. They haven’t studied the markets enough to understand what risk is really about. Some think they know to varying degrees but they land far short. For them, the intermittent trade or investment and the occasional winner produce a feeling of mastery. That will likely come tumbling down with tragic consequences later if they have been “fooled by randomness” for far too long.

The Stealthy Sisters of Spin and Speculation (Part 4)

I left off with a mess, basically. If necessary, please go back and read the previous installments to refresh your memory.

With regard to group discussion about trading/investing, it might be beneficial to identify everyone’s background in advance. It’s easy for anybody to say things that sound good whether they be full-time traders or part-time speculators. What might be said by the latter can be toxic to the former, though. Speculative content is also not generally actionable for people looking to get involved with responsible trading/investing. Laypeople should have the opportunity to align themselves with where they want to be.

The challenge then becomes educating people on what makes for speculative vs. responsible trading/investing content.

I trade full-time for a living and I lean strongly to the “responsible trading/investing” side. If I screw up then I’m out of business and I go back to a conventional, corporate job. While I did say speculation may be okay in small doses, my personal bias is to do it outside the markets altogether [as an aside, because many laypeople think all trading/investing is gambling I often get a laugh when asked if I ever play casino games because I respond “I don’t gamble”].

Besides myself, financial advisers and wealth management professionals also shy away from speculation. Many of their clients are closer to retirement and speculation flies in the face of capital preservation.

Financial advisers avoid speculation but make constant use of spin. This has been addressed in previous blog posts.

The end result of spin and speculation can be similar and that’s my reason for describing them as sisters. They are stealthy because people don’t recognize them and see the complete landscape (i.e. the “forest for the trees” analogy). Laypeople think the spin and speculation are responsible trading/investing, which they are not. Both spin and speculation lead people to trade/invest in managers/strategies they believe will generate profits. More often than not, though, I believe this works out to their detriment.

An insightful book has been written on speculation. I will discuss that in the next post.

The Stealthy Sisters of Spin and Speculation (Part 3)

Something feels wrong to me about the part-time futures day trader Mr. Know It All. Hobbies are part-time activities and I believe this level of commitment usually fares poorly in the markets. Why bother, then? I suspect many people who dabble in trading do not realize this is what they are actually doing.

Consistent losses belong in the gambling/speculation category. Whether it be the lottery, slot machines, Blackjack, etc., repeated small losses are the norm rather than the exception. Sure I have the chance of winning huge but the odds are against me and the law of large numbers says if I play enough then I will go to zero.

I feel my last blog post went off on a tangent and completely rehashed an earlier one. Perhaps there is something slightly new here in terms of flushing out speculation, though.

I think the problem with general discussion/debate about the markets is a failure to understand where participants are coming from. A speculator has completely different motives than someone looking to make consistent money. Speculation cannot be used to make consistent money in the markets. I think everyone would consider that idea to be foolhardy: it’s nothing more than gambling. We therefore have to pay close attention to what is actionable (responsible trading/investing) vs. what is spin (speculation) and that is where critical thinking can truly be useful.

This is a huge thesis for me and one I should probably develop further.

One complicating factor is that speculation can arguably be okay in small doses. Perhaps Mr. Know It All has 70% of his total net worth with an investment adviser and a couple checking accounts for daily expenses. He may then have some money leftover that he can use for speculative purposes (e.g. day trading futures, a lottery ticket every now and then, the occasional visit to MGM Grand, etc.). Many people still believe the ancient Greek ideal “everything in moderation.” Similar to rewarding a healthy, disciplined diet with a small serving of junk food, a small amount of speculation is probably okay if the overall portfolio is healthy.